ESP's (Embedded Services Processor) - Forwarding plane.RP's (Route Processors) - Control plane.For example, if we take the ASR1k with its distributed architecture, it consists of multiple: You see, this modular design is essential once you peel back the covers to the architecture of the platforms that IOS-XE supports, and the IOS-XE design really starts to make sense. This also limits the scope of a failure within the system in the event of a component failure. With this new modular design, each of the sub-packages are isolated allowing for individual components to be upgraded without affecting the entire system. With IOS-XE, IOS runs as a daemon upon the Linux kernel with each of the various functions running as separate processes (sub-packages). In contrast to the monolithic nature of IOS, IOS-XE is built on a Linux based kernel to be both modular and highly-available in nature. Therefore, in the event of a single process/module crashing, the entire system would become unresponsive.Īnother disadvantage is around upgrades, as the entire IOS has to be upgraded, rather than individual components, resulting in disruption to the entire system (unless you have the expensive dual-supervisor hardware). This monolithic kernel runs all of its modules within the same memory space, providing no CPU or memory separation. Classical IOS is based upon a monolithic kernel.
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